Arduino Types

Types of Arduino

There are sum types of Arduino Boards.

• Arduino Uno:

The Uno is a great choice for your first Arduino. It's got everything you need to get started, and nothing you don't. It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a USB connection, a power jack, a reset button and more. It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started.

• Arduino Mega:

The Arduino Mega is like the UNO's big brother. It has lots (54!) of digital input/output pins (14 can be used as PWM outputs), 16 analog inputs, a USB connection, a power jack, and a reset button. It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started. The large number of pins make this board very handy for projects that require a bunch of digital inputs or outputs (like lots of LEDs or buttons)

• Arduino Leonardo:

The Leonardo is Arduino's first development board to use one microcontroller with built-in USB. This means that it can be cheaper and simpler. Also, because the board is handling USB directly, code libraries are available which allow the board to emulate a computer keyboard, mouse, and more!

• Arduino Due:

It is a microcontroller board based on Atmel SAM3X8E, 32-Bit ARM microcontroller. It is developed by Arcuino.cc with the intention to provide an easy pathway for the beginners to get a hands-on experience with the module without any prior technical knowledge. You can just plug the device into the computer through a USB cable and start playing with it right away.

What is Arduino Board

What is Arduino Board

Introduction:

                         Arduino is an open-source platform used for building electronics projects. Arduino consists of both a physical programmable circuit board (often referred to as a microcontroller) and a piece of software, or IDE (Integrated Development Environment) that runs on your computer, used to write and upload computer code to the physical board.

The Arduino platform has become quite popular with people just starting out with electronics, and for good reason. Unlike most previous programmable circuit boards, the Arduino does not need a separate piece of hardware (called a programmer) in order to load new code onto the board -- you can simply use a USB cable. Additionally, the Arduino IDE uses a simplified version of C++, making it easier to learn to program. Finally, Arduino provides a standard form factor that breaks out the functions of the micro-controller into a more accessible package.

What Does it Do?

The Arduino hardware and software was designed for artists, designers, hobbyists, hackers, newbies, and anyone interested in creating interactive objects or environments. Arduino can interact with buttons, LEDs, motors, speakers, GPS units, cameras, the internet, and even your smart-phone or your TV! This flexibility combined with the fact that the Arduino software is free, the hardware boards are pretty cheap, and both the software and hardware are easy to learn has led to a large community of users who have contributed code and released instructions for a huge variety of Arduino-based projects.

For everything from robots and a heating pad hand warming blanket to honest fortune-telling machines, and even a Dungeons and Dragons dice-throwing gauntlet, the Arduino can be used as the brains behind almost any electronics project.

Arduino types and Features :

There are many types of arduino boards.

Features 

Arduino Board	Processor	Memory	Digital I/O	Analogue I/O
Arduino Uno	16Mhz ATmega328	2KB SRAM, 32KB flash	14	6 input, 0 output
Arduino Due	84MHz AT91SAM3X8E	96KB SRAM, 512KB flash	54	12 input, 2 output
Arduino Mega	16MHz ATmega2560	8KB SRAM, 256KB flash	54	16 input, 0 output
Arduino Leonardo	16MHz ATmega32u4	2.5KB SRAM, 32KB flash	20	12 input, 0 output

New And Stylish Wedding Dresses 2016 Pakistani

These are the best, stylish wedding Dresses for women. The fashion designers did a lot of work on them. Therefore you will find unique designs that consist of recurring shapes or colors. All these outfits are available on good stores. You can also buy them from online shopping. The artistic work is done in long time by doing hard struggle. Every designer before making Pakistani wedding dresses always use traditional themes. In our life this day is very special and precious. So the outfit which we wear on this day should be gorgeous. The sincere professionals do their work perfectly. And we can see their efforts in their beautiful dresses. They will give you a stunning and eye-catching look. A ceremony full with attractive bride and guests remains a memorable part of life. In these time many girls want to wear red color on baraat. Actually they want to go with traditions and culture of our country. While some women want to try different colors other than red.
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WHAT IS THE RECENT FASHION IN THE WORLD?

What is the recent fashion in the world? You can know it from the culture and the fashion magazine with portrait and celebrity dresses fashion. The recent design inspires each girls. The fashion of each country is different and you can find it form the respective search from the Internet. Here is that the trendy stylish girls Wear Trend for girls 2015.

Girls wish to seem stylish &attractive and adopt latest fashions to find her trendy charm. Lovely fashion development can’t conceal from fashion seekers. to create the design of classy qualities, ladies need to implement latest fashion thoughts.

NEW FASHION TRENDS FOR GIRLS:

Here we tend to are sharing trendy stylish girls Wear Trend for girls that are universal between the style divas currently. These terrific trends are stands for fashionable outfit, glorious shoes and delightful fashion frills.

This amazing fashion trends are strictly astonishing in their outstanding grace. to enhance the pleasant class of ladies, these amazing trends are splendidly terrific. to create the advance of this engaging grace of young traits through these exciting fashion trends.    loos shirt for teen girls that is also  https://brandgarment.wordpress.com/

Following up on the success of cochlear and retinal prostheses, neuroscientists see a limitless horizon for related devices that will read electrical and chemical signals from the nervous system to improve quality of life for people suffering from injury or disease.

Such devices, neural prosthetics, will help a wide range of people, including people with epilepsy, wounded war veterans suffering post-traumatic stress disorder and traumatic brain injury, people with treatment-resistant depression and chronic pain, victims of Alzheimer's disease, people with speech disabilities, and individuals who have sustained spinal cord injury and loss of limbs.

But before neural prosthetics can advance, engineers will need to design and fabricate devices that can survive in the harsh environment of the human body, without causing tissue infection and other serious adverse conditions. In addition to enhancing materials performance, researchers are developing interface technologies that enable micro-devices to safely reside in human tissue for long time periods.

Researchers at the U.S. Department of Energy's Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) are making gains with thin-film flexible-polymer materials. In experiments with auditory prosthetics, neural interface micro-electrodes are embedded in polymer, allowing the device to move naturally and conform to live tissue. The polymer materials have mechanical properties that more closely mimic neural tissue than the micro wires used in current cochlear and deep-brain-stimulating implants.

"Among the engineering challenges associated with neural prosthetics is the biocompatibility of the implant," said Sarah Felix, a lead research engineer at LLNL and also a member of ASME. "Research suggests that polymer is more compatible with the human body than the silicon in conventional neural probes used in neuroscience studies."

Toward reliability

Researchers believe conventional, rigid, neural devices cause micro tearing in human tissue because neural tissue is softer than the device. According to Felix, the flexibility of a thin-film polymer probe mitigates this problem. However, the flexibility also makes polymer devices difficult to implant. Felix's solution is to temporarily attach a rigid stiffener.

"For the polymer neural interfaces, we attach the device to a needle-like stiffener using bio-dissolvable polyethylene glycol (PEG) to enable extraction of the stiffener after surgical insertion," said Felix. "An innovative bonding process enables accurate alignment of the device to the stiffener."

A novel feature of the design is a shallow channel running lengthwise, which allows the even distribution of the PEG, or other bio-adhesive, during assembly and implantation. Felix's team used the method to implant unique, dual-sided, polymer electrode arrays into brain tissue, and these arrays successfully recorded neural signals.

A promising future

The LLNL researchers believe their devices and surgical methods can also apply to future applications in deep-brain- and spinal-cord-stimulation, which will enable physicians to advance neural prosthetics to the next level of human health and rehabilitation. In fact, LLNL is currently developing neural implants that will restore auditory, motor and bladder function; aid speech; and control depression and epilepsy.

Each year, the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) spends $6.5 million on neural prosthetics research and development, and today several of the most prestigious medical-research institutions in the United States — Case Western University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology among them — are engaged in promising clinical studies.

Many medical scientists believe the sky is the limit for neural prosthetics, but ultimately it is the engineering community that will need to design and fabricate devices that enable the realization of the promise of neural modulation for patients. [Eternal Sunshine of the Bionic Mind: Prosthesis Could Restore Memory]

Said Felix: "There exist many engineering considerations with neural prosthetics, particularly in the interface of the device with human tissue. Engineers must think about a complete range of issues, from electrode materials and the lifetime of the implant to electronics and signal processing. This will be an intriguing pathway of multidisciplinary scientific and engineering development for many years to come."

This article was adapted from "Advances in Materials Engineering Will Drive Next Generation Neural Prosthetics" onASME.org. The views expressed are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the publisher. This version of the article was originally published on 

Rang gora karny ka tariqa

Baal barhanay ka tarika

Baalon ko barhanay ka asaan tariqa

Soldering a LED to the 'Wrong' Side of a PCB

Why would you want to mount LEDs on the copper side of a single sided board?  How about if you want to mount a board directly behind a front panel with the LEDs showing through holes in the panel.  You can't put them on the usual side because the other components would stop the board fitting flush to the front panel, and you can't solder to the component side because there's no track there (unless you have a plated-through hole PCB).  I have just such a project in mind and this is the solution I came up with.

All you need is a couple of strands from a multi-strand cable; A power cable from a PC strips down nicely.  Put the LED in position and wrap a couple of turns of wire strand around one leg, pushing it down to the PCB with needle-nose pliers or a scalpel.  Feed one free end through the adjacent hole in line with the track and cut off the other end.  Solder the wrapped strand to the LED with a fine-tipped iron - See picture 3.

Turning the board over, hold the wire strand in place with a finger along the line of the track and solder as close as you can to the LED, being careful not to solder over the next hole along.  Cut off the loose end - See picture 4.   Repeat this and the previous step for the other leg and any other LEDs.

You now have LEDs mounted on the 'wrong' side of the board, and can continue adding the other components to the 'right' side.  Drill the front panel to accept the LEDs using a step drill and a scrap piece of matrix board as a measuring guide.  Before you position the board on a metal front panel, make sure that nothing from the PCB will short out.  Make a card spacer drilled the same as the front panel and put over the LEDs as an insulator before securing the PCB.

The final photos show the actual project build and how tightly you can pack LEDs with this method.  There's 7 x 5mm LEDs in a 3/4" (2cm) square which will have additional components filling the rest of the PCB and be mounted directly into an Altoids Smalls box lid. 

Frock & Frill Flapper Dress from Joy

For pure flapper girl glamour that will no doubt see you dance many a night away, look no further than this divine Frock & Frill Flapper Dress from Joy.

The dress is part of a small vintage-inspired capsule collection for this well established and much loved store, all of which are inspired by the bright young things of the 1920s. The dropped waist frock in floaty gold fabric is finished with hand embellished beads and seaquins, perfect for party season.

Latest handmade Abaya trend

Abaya is a simple wear which is in the form of loose over garment. Abaya, also called as veil, is a rob-like dress which is worn in all the Islamic countries by the Muslims mostly. Latest handmade Abaya trend, defines a wide range of all the latest fashionable as well as simple Abaya styles and designs.

Traditional Abaya are long till the knees and are mostly found and stitched in black color. It is also choice of a customer that she can opt for this in any color. Different Sizes are also available like small medium and large. Some of the ladies purchase the ready-made Abaya and some of them find themselves comfortable, in getting the unstitched cloth. Then this unstitched cloth is being stitched in different styles. Abaya is found with a veil or a cover stole too. This cover stole is used to cover up the face as Muslim females cover their faces for the sake of pardah. Some of the females just take stole to cover up their head and hair. It is used in both of the cases.

German Chocolate Cake

• 4 oz. (1/2 cup) unsalted butter, softened; more for the pans
• 4 oz. semisweet or bittersweet chocolate (up to 70% cacao), coarsely chopped (about 1 cup)
• 1/2 cup boiling water
• 9 oz. (2 cups) unbleached all-purpose flour
• 1 tsp. baking soda
• 1/2 tsp. table salt
• 4 large eggs, at room temperature
• 2 cups granulated sugar
• 1 tsp. pure vanilla extract
• 1 cup buttermilk, at room temperature

7 oz. (about 2 cups) sweetened, shredded dried coconut

• 4 large egg yolks
• 1 12-oz. can evaporated milk
• 1-1/2 cups granulated sugar
• 2 tsp. pure vanilla extract
• 3/4 tsp. table salt
• 6 oz. (3/4 cup) unsalted butter, cut into chunks
• 1-1/2 cups pecan halves, toast

  Make the cakes

  Position racks in the upper and lower thirds of the oven and heat the oven to 350°F. Grease the sides of three 9x2-inch round cake pans with butter and line the bottoms with parchment circles.
  Put the chocolate in a small bowl and pour the boiling water over it. Let stand for several seconds and then whisk until the chocolate is dissolved. Set aside until cool to the touch before mixing the batter.
  Sift the flour, baking soda, and salt onto a sheet of waxed paper. Whisk the eggs in a small measuring cup.
  Beat the butter for a few seconds in a stand mixer fitted with the paddle attachment on medium-low speed. Add the sugar in a steady stream and then beat on medium speed, scraping the bowl as necessary, until the mixture is lightened in color and fluffy, 4 to 5 minutes. Still on medium speed, add the eggs a little at a time, taking a full 1-1/2 minutes to add them all. Add the melted chocolate and vanilla and beat just until blended. With the mixer turned off, add a quarter of the flour mixture. Mix on medium-low speed just until incorporated. Add a third of the buttermilk and mix until blended. Repeat, each time adding another quarter of the flour, then a third of the buttermilk, until the last of the flour is added. Scrape the bowl as necessary and mix each addition only until it is incorporated.
  Divide the batter among the pans and spread it evenly. Bake, rotating the pans and swapping their positions, until the cakes just start to pull away from the sides of the pans and spring back when very gently pressed with a finger, 20 to 25 minutes. Let the cakes cool in their pans on a rack for 10 minutes.
  Run a knife or small spatula around the edges to separate the cakes from the pans. Turn the cakes out onto the rack and peel off the parchment. Cool completely.

  Make the filling

  Spread the coconut on a rimmed baking sheet. Bake at 350°F, stirring every 2 minutes, until golden-brown, about 10 minutes. Scrape the toasted coconut onto a sheet of waxed paper and let cool completely.
  Whisk the egg yolks with the evaporated milk, sugar, vanilla, and salt in a heavy-duty, nonreactive 4-quart saucepan. Add the butter. Set over medium heat and stir constantly with a heatproof spatula, scraping the bottom and corners of the pot. When the mixture starts to boil, adjust the heat so that it boils actively but not furiously, and cook, stirring constantly, until golden and thickened, 3 to 4 minutes. Off the heat, stir in the coconut and pecans. Let cool completely.

  Assemble the Cake

  Put one cake layer on a cake plate. Spread a third of the filling over the top of the cake, leaving a 1/4-inch border. Top with a second cake layer. Spread with half of the remaining filling. Put the third cake layer on top and cover it with the remaining filling. Leave the sides of the cake exposed. Serve at room temperature.

  Make Ahead Tips

  The cake will keep in the refrigerator for up to 2 days. Let it come back to cool room temperature before serving.ed and coarsely chopped

Electronic Thermostat

Mechanical thermostat has been around for a long time and has been used in industrial control, home appliances control and many other devices to measure and control the temperature of a certain processes. The sensor used usually is a bimetallic sensor that is make from two different metals that expand at different rates as theThese metal strips are bonded together and when the temperature rises, the strips will bend upward hence making connection to the contact of the circuit so that current can flow through the circuit.
As the temperature cools down, it will go back to its original position and disconnect the current from the circuit. By adjusting the strip and the contact, the temperature can be controlled. Most oven and air conditioners use this type of sensor. The mechanical thermostat is more widely used due to its lower cost compared to electronic type.
The use of electronic thermostat is becoming more popular now as the cost of semiconductor continues to drop with the advancement of better fabrication and packaging processes. Many applications have switched to electronic control as the control of the temperature is more accurate, easier to control the desired temperature using digital technology, more reliable and interfacing with other devices.
This application note from Microchip uses a low cost 6 pin microcontroller in the design of electronic thermostat. The features of PIC10F204 are as shown below. One advantage is that it has the PDIP package which makes it easier for electronic hobbyists to do their own soldering.
256 Words Program Memory and 16 bytes Static RAM
Wide Operating Voltage from 2.0V to 5.5V DC
3 I/O

1 comparator
25 mA source/sink current I/O
Power supply is directly tapped from the AC lines voltage using a resistive based power supply. This makes the entirecircuit live and one has to be careful when implementing this project. Ensure that no parts of the circuit is accessible toany user. Use a plastic enclosure to house the printed circuit board properly.
The principles of triac is briefly discussed here. The use of zero crossing detection is useful as many applications use this method in their operations. Among them are light dimmer and motor control applications.
Learn how to optimise the program code to make it efficient. Many programmers use long routines to accomplish a certain task when a few lines of codes would be sufficient. This experience needs to be learned as one hands on a project and repeatedly look into the code to make it shorter and efficient.
Having learned the code, one can then modify and add temperature sensor to make it a close loop control. Display circuity and user interface can be added to the system by migration to a higher pin count microcontroller.

Chicken pizza

Samsung Electronics

Smartphone woes drag Samsung Electronics Q3 profit to more than 3-year low

- See more at: http://indianexpress.com/article/business/companies/smartphone-woes-drag-samsung-electronics-q3-profit-to-more-than-3-year-low/#sthash.eXOBymKs.dpuf

Samsung Electronics Co Ltd saw its July-September quarterly profit fall to the lowest level in more than three years, as a decline in earnings from its smartphone business set the South Korean giant on track for its worst year since 20

The Sad and Bizarre Post-Retirement Life of Jose Canseco

In the latest mishap, the former baseball star accidentally shot off one of his middle fingers.

It's been more than 13 years since Jose Canseco has played a major league baseball game. But retirement has not sapped the former Oakland Athletics star's ability to generate headlines. NBC reported Tuesday that Canseco, who now lives in Las Vegas, accidentally shot one of his middle fingers while attempting to clean a revolver. Leila Knight, Canseco's fiancee, told TMZ thatwhile surgery on the finger was successful, he will not make a full recovery.

A tremendously gifted athlete who combined power, speed, and a rocket for a throwing arm, the Cuban-born Canseco dazzled the baseball world in the late 1980s. In 1988, he became the first player to ever hit 40 home runs and steal 40 bases in the same season, winning the American League MVP award in a unanimous vote. The next season, Canseco led the Athletics to a World Series victory against the San Francisco Giants.

Things have gone downhill since then. Traded to the Texas Rangers in 1992, he distinguished himself by once allowing a fly ball to clank off his head and over the fence for a home run. The remainder of his itinerant career, which included stops in Boston, New York, Toronto, Tampa Bay, and Chicago as well as a second stint in Oakland, saw occasional flashes of brilliance but not the sustained level of excellence he displayed in the 1980s.

Despite earning substantial amounts of money for decades, Canseco has had major financial problems in retirement. His search for cash and publicity led him to participate in celebrity boxing, semi-pro baseball leagues, mixed martial arts, and even Celebrity Apprentice, each venture meeting with little success.

Canseco is hardly the first famous athlete to squander his fortune. In a 2009 article for Sports Illustrated, Pablo S. Torre found that 60 percent of former NBA players went broke within five years of retirement, while for the NFL the fall was even steeper: 80 percent lost their cash just two years after hanging up their spikes. Megastars like Allen Iverson, Terrell Owens, and Curt Schilling have not been spared. But Canseco's fall from grace is especially poignant due to the very public way he spiraled down. Notorious for blowing off interviews and charity appearances, Canseco regularly bares his soul on Twitter, often begging Major League teams to give him another chance and describing his grief at being kept from the game of baseball.

Daniel Radcliffe a rapper's delight performing Blackalicious' Alphabet Aerobics

It seems all those years of muttering incantations as Harry Potter have given Daniel Radcliffe the gift of the rapper's gab.

The Harry Potter star, who is soon to feature in the upcoming film Horns, made a name for himself as of rap connoisseur in a surprise performance on The Tonight Show with Jimmy Fallon.

Talking Fallon through his interest in rap music from a young age, Radcliffe revealed his obsession with learning the words to every song.

"I think I was the first kid in my class to learn the all the words to Real Slim Shady," he said.

But by owning up to his passion for memorising "complicated, lyrically intricate and fast songs" Radcliffe backed himself into a challenge by Fallon: to rap the 1999 tongue twister from Blackalicious, Alphabet Aerobics.

Despite Fallon's admission that the song was "one of the trickiest, fastest songs" he knew, the former wizard star was more than willing to take the mic.

Radcliffe wowed with his effortless performance, impressing none more than Fallon who was just barely able to contain his excitement.

A cult classic, Alphabet Aerobics is the best known track of Blackalicious' 1999 EP A2G, featuring Gift of Gab.

The structure of the song is that every couplet is made up of words starting with the same letter, as it moves through the alphabet from A to Z.

Read more: 

Aurora mini 18 Kit and PCB

The kit is also available at $29. All parts except Molex connectors and power supply are included.
Shipping is $5 for USA, $17 for the rest of the world.

Kit Contents (as pictured)

• 1x PCB
• 1x 10k Ohm (0603)
• 3x 220 Ohm (0603)
• 3x 2.2k Ohm (0603)
• 18x 150 Ohm (0603)
• 2x 0.1uF (0603)
• 2x 10uF (1206)
• 3x MMBT2907A
• 1x PIC24FV16KA302 (SS)
• 19x Tricolor LED (common-cathode)
• 1x Tactile Switch

Notes

• The PIC microcontroller is not pre-programmed. You need your own programmer such as PICKit 3, ICD 2, ICD3 to program the PIC microcontroller. (PICKit 2 does not work)
• The kit is also available with water clear LEDs instead of diffused type shown. Please specify if you want water clear LEDs (Special: $1 less for the water clear LEDs).
• The kit comes with one extra LED.
• Power connection cable (see the picture) - optional is available at $2 extra.

PCB only
Aurora mini 18 custom PCB price is $9.50. Shipping is $5 for USA, $17 for the rest of the world.

To purchase please go to my site - http://www.theledart.com/blog/archives/category/kits

Please view my Instructable for the detailed information on Aurora mini 18.

Contact me if you have any questions.

Electronic lock circuit diagram using one transistor

Using some electronic components can be made a very simple electronic lock. The electronic lock is based on a single active components. The keyboard can be purchased from the store or can be made using "push buttons".
Four buttons are connected in series (those marked with S1 + S4 in the scheme) between plus and the power transistor T1 through a 1k resistor.
The other four buttons (marked with S5 + S8 in the diagram) are connected in parallel with R2, between the T1 and ground. Relay will be activated only if S1-S4 are pressed, while none of the buttons is pressed S5-S8.
If at least one button is pressed this second group, the transistor will be put at the ground, and if one of the buttons S1-S4 is pressed, the transistor will not get the current and be maintained locked by R2.
Voltage of the circuit must be equal to the operating voltage of the relay used (type BD135 transistor can switch up 

Electronic timer with display electronic project using CMOS

Using this electronic scheme can be built an electronic timer which can be set to measure a maximum of 60 hours. The electronic timer allows the fixation of some intermediate time. On reaching this point, a buzzer will sound. The circuit is built using ICM7217 integrated circuit, manufactured by Intersil, which contains a CMOS counter up / down, with 4 digits and display properly.

IC3 is the clock generator circuit which provides a square wave with period 1 s clock signal is available on pin 3 (Q13). It can be divided by 60 in IC4, if necessary, measurement of longer than one hour.
When S6 is closed, power is connected and IC1 is reset by R9 and C5. S4's position determine if minutes or seconds are counted: not exceeding 59 h and 59 min (position 2) or 59 min and 59 s (position 1).
Miniature switches S10 S7 adjusts the display to indicate 20.00. In a short press of S3, this choice is stored by IC1. After that, S7-S10 is adjusted so that the display to indicate 35.00. Meanwhile, S1 must be open. Pressing S2 cause of integrative ICM7217C start counting backwards,starting from 35.00. When the display shows 20.00, buzzer sounds shorter. Now the clock can be stopped by closing S1 and the subsequent opening of S1, the clock restarts to count backwards to 00.00.
The clock can be reset with the S5, in this case, the buzzer sounds briefly and display shows 00.00.

Remotely momentary actuated button

When solar cells are not lit, T1 and T2 drive crashes. Capacitor C2 is discharged through the LED electronic relay, which is activated for a moment. In this way we generated a trigger pulse equipment of electrically isolated, no need extra power supply.